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A  SYLLABUS 


OF 


LATIN-AMERICAN 
HISTORY 


BY 


WILLIAM  WHATLEY  PIERSON,  Jr.,  Ph.  I) 

UNIVERSITY  ok  north  CAROLINA 


UVJl'-    A'.cA* 


^lf  li&m  jw/o. 


PRICE  25  CENTS 


PUBLISHED  BY 

rill-    UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLIN  \ 


corvu  !• .  i, 

II V  1  11  K 
INIV1-  KSITV   OF    NORTH    Ci 


A  SYLLABUS 


OF 


Latin -American  History 


BY 


WILLIAM  WHATLEY  PIERSON,  Jr.,  Ph.  D. 

UNIVERSITY  OK  NORTH  CAROLINA 


PRICE  25  CENTS 


PUHLISHKl)   BY 

THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


COPYRIGHT,  1916 

11 Y  TIIK 

UNIVERSITY  OP  NORTH  CAROLINA 


The  Seem an   Printert 

Durham,  N.  C. 

L916 


I   ^r  OS 


INTRODUCTORY  NOTE 

"In  the  establishment  of  the  independence  of  Spanish  America  the  United 
States  have  the  deepest  interest.  I  have  no  hesitation  in  asserting  my  firm  belief 
that  there  i*  no  question  in  the  foreign  policy  of  this  country,  which  ha! 
arisen,  or  which  I  can  conceive  as  ever  occurring,  in  the  decision  of  which  we 
have  had  or  can  have  so  much  at  stake." — Henry  Clay,  The  Emancipation  of 
South   America. 

This  syllabus  is  designed  primarily  for  the  use  of  students  of  the 
University  of  North  Carolina  as  a  guide  to  the  introductory  study 
of  Latin-American  history.  In  it  an  effort  has  been  made  to  provide 
for  as  general  and  comprehensive  a  study  of  Latin-American  civiliza- 
tion as  the  time  limits  of  a  single  one  year's  course  would  permit.  In 
such  a  process,  of  course,  selection  and  rejection  of  data  were  neces- 
sary. The  student  seeking  to  specialize  will,  therefore,  find  it  possible 
and  easy  to  elaborate  and  amplify  each  of  the  chapters  and  sections 
into  which  the  outline  has  been  divided.  Despite  such  comprehensive- 
ness as  was  mentioned,  the  writer  has  endeavored  to  emphasize  the 
institutional  and  economic  aspects.  The  necessity  of  elimination  and 
14  the  effort  at  emphasis  have  resulted  in  the  relegation  of  political  his- 
Jj{        tory  to  a  position  of  comparatively  less   prominence  and   significance 

*        than  some  might  expect.    For  this  the  writer  must  plead  necessity. 

C 

iii  In    view   of   the   great   contemporary   interest    in    Latin    America   no 

case  for  the  study  of  its  history  need  be  made.  That  interest  in  the 
O  United  States  has  been  chiefly  caused  by  the  exigencies  and  effects  of 
O  a  war  which  have  made  people  conscious  of  trade  opportunities  for- 
merly non-existent  or,  while  existent,  unrecognized,  and  many  have 
concluded  that  the  diplomatic,  political  and  economic  importance  of 
Latin  America  has  made  of  prime  necessity  a  thorough  study  and  a 
sympathetic  understanding  of  its  past  history  and  institutions.  The 
field  of  Latin-American  history  has  hitherto  been  little  known  to  and 
too  often  neglected  by  the  undergraduate  student  in  the  universities, — 
if  indeed,  courses  in  such  history  have  been  offered.  It  is  in  the 
opinion  of  the  writer,  however,  not  lacking  in  comparative  importance, 
interest,  and  cultural  value  with  fields  better  known.  It  is  hoped  and 
confidently  expected  that  the  interest  in  the  history  and  institutions  of 
the  Latin-American  countries  recently  engendered  by  the  consciousness 
that  these  countries  have  become  potent  economic  factors  in  the  modern 
world  will  be  abiding.  Latin-American  history  as  a  standard  o 
will  have  much  justification,  for  the  part  which  the  Latin-American 
peoples  will  play  in  the  future,  a-  Viscount  Bryce  recently  said,  "must 
henceforth  be  one  of  growing  significance  for  the  Old  World  as  well 
as  for  the  New." 

3 


2108 


outlined  in  this  syllabus  provides  for  the  study  of  the 
phy,  political  and  social  institutions,  and  the  economic 
!  and  possibilities  of  Latin-American  countries.  A  care- 
itil  analysis  and  investigation  will  thus  be  made  of  the  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  colonial  systems  and  colonial  experience  in  order  to  ex- 
plain the  wars  of  independence  and  the  existing  political  and  social 
condil  ention  will  then  be  directed  to  the  development  of  re- 

publics,  the  struggle  for  political  stability,  and  the  exploitation  of  re- 
sources.     The  course  will  also  include  some  study  of  the  international 
political  and  economic— and  diplomatic  problems  which  have 
arisen  in  renin  Latin-American  history. 

V  the  outset   the  prospective  student  is  warned  that  as  yet  there 

le  text-hook  devoted  to  the  Latin-American  republics 
which  satisfactorily  and  adequately  presents  their  history,  describes 
their  present  conditions  and  discusses  their  institutions.  This  absence, 
of  necessity,  determines  that  the  course  will  be  based  largely  upon  ma- 
found  only  in  a  number  of  books,  public  documents,  and 
scientific  reports.  An  effort  has  been  made  in  this  syllabus  to  meet 
this  difficult  situation.  Lectures  following  the  outline  of  the  syllabus 
xplanatory  of  it,  and  recitations  based  on  assigned  readings,  will 
constitute  the  class  work.  On  these  lectures  and  readings  the  students 
will  be  expected  to  take  notes.  In  addition,  they  will  be  required 
to  make  certain  class  reports  and  at  least  once  during  the  year  to  pre- 
pare, after  consultation  with  the  instructor,  an  essay  on  some  topic 
of  the  syllabus  or  allied  phase  of  the  work. 

Students  will  be  required  to  provide  themselves  individually  with  a 

if  this  syllabus  and  with  W.  R.  Shepherd's  Latin  America   (Holt 

mpany).      It    is    strongly   recommended   that   they   purchase   also 

ilderon's  Latin  America:  Its  Rise  and  Progress  (Scribners) 

and  W.  II.  Koebel's  South  America  (A.  and  C.  Black).     For  the  gen- 

tudent  and  reader  the  following  list  of  books  is  recommended: 

For  description,  geography,  travel,  peoples  and  social  conditions: 

James  Bryce,  South  America:  Observations  and  Impressions.  (Mac- 
millan  ). 

C.   I\.  Knock.  The  Republics  of  Central  and  South  America.      (Dent 

V  H.    Keane,   Stanford's  Compendium    of  Geography   and    Travel: 

nth  America.     (2  Vols.,  Lippincott). 
R.   Reyes.   The   Two  Americas.     (Stokes). 
A.  Kuhl.  The  Other  Americans.     (Scribners). 

wn  South  America.     (2  Vols., 

ry  : 

uth    American    Republics.      (3    Vol'  .    Put- 


A.  H.  Noll.  A  Short  History  of  Mexico.      (McClurg). 

F.  Palmer,  Central  America  and  its  Problems.  (Moffat,  Yard  & 
Co.) 

For  institutions  and  history  : 

B.  Moses,  The  Establishment  of  Spanish  Rule  in  America.  (Put- 
nam). 

B.  Moses,  South  America  on  the  Eve  of  Emancipation.     (Putnam). 

B.  Moses,   Spanish    Dependencies   in    South    America.      (Harpers). 

F.  L.  Paxson,  The  Independence  of  the  South  American  Republics. 
(Ferris  and  Leach). 

For  trade  relations : 

W.  E.  Aughinbaugh,  Selling  Latin  America.  (Small,  Maynard  & 
Company). 

E.  B.  Filsinger,  Exporting  to  Latin  America.     (Appleton). 

A.  H.  Verrill,  South  and  Central  American  Trade  Conditions  of 
Today.     (Dodd,  Mead  &  Company). 

The  Monthly  Bulletin  and  other  publications  of  the  Pan-American 
Union  (Washington,  D.  C),  offer  excellent  and  reliable  information 
respecting  all  of  these  divisions,  and  are  recommended. 

For  individual  countries  : 

P.  Denis,  Brazil.     (Scribners). 

P.  J.  Eder,  Colombia.     (Unwin  or  Scribners). 

G.  F.  S.  Elliott,  Chile.     (Scribners). 

C.  R.  Enock,  Mexico.     (Scribners). 
W.  A.  Hirst,  Argentina.     (Scribners). 

W.  H.  Koebel,  Argentina,  Past  and  Present.     (Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.). 

W.  H.  Koebel,  Uruguay.     (Scribners). 

W.  L.  Scruggs.  The  Colombian  and  Venezuelan  Republics.  (Kittle, 
Brown  &  Co.) 

M.  R.  Wright's  books  on  Bolivia;  Brazil:  Chile;  and  Peru.  (  Cazc- 
nove  &  Son). 

Students  wishing  to  make  a  more  detailed  study  than  this  brief 
list  would  provide  for  can  easily  find  an  extensive  bibliography  on 
the  subject  in  English,  Portuguese  and  Spanish  works  which  are  of 
great  value.  They  will  do  well  to  consult  P.  H.  Goldsmith,  ./  Brief 
Bibliography  (Macmillan),  although  it  is  admittedly  incomplete  in  its 
list  of  books  and  contemptuously  harsh  in  its  judgment  of  many  of 
those  included.  The  hooks  that  have  been  mentioned  above,  as  well 
as  those  that  have  been  listed  in  the  syllabus,  can  be  obtained  from 
the  publishers  directly,  through  the  University  by  special  request  of 
the  student,  or  by  ordering  through  some  such  wholesale  and  retail 
house  as  Baker  &  Taylor,  New  York  City.  The  University  of  North 
Carolina,  through  the  Bureau  of  Extension,  Division  of  Correspondence 
Study,  will  be  glad  to  give  information  and  assistance  to  any  who  wish 
to  purchase  books  for  this  study. 


writer   would  anticipate   the  criticism   that  the  list  of  books 
fHabu     Eor  reading   i     incomplete.     Since  these  read- 
d       ned  tor  class  purposes  and  are  selected  as  being  practic- 
able the  incompleteness   was  scarcely  avoidable.     The  specialist  will 
easj  to  enlarge.     In  the  list  of  readings,  in  order  to  con- 
e,  the  author's  name  and    full   title  of  the  book  are  stated 
when  the  firsl  reference  is  made;  thereafter  only  the  author's  name  is 
employed,  excepl   in  such  cases  in  which  the  author  has  written  more 
than  "iir  book  or  in  which  clearness  seems  to  demand  repetition. 

The  writer  wishes  to  make  acknowledgment  of  thanks  for  the  ad- 
vice and  expert  criticism  of  Professor  William  R.  Shepherd  of  Colum- 
bia University,  the  greatest  authority  on  the  subject  of  Latin-American 
history  and  Hispanic  institutions.  He  is  also  grateful  for  the  valuable 
aid  and  suggestions  of  his  friend,  Air.  C.  L.  Chandler,  formerly  of  the 
Consular  Service  and  now  associated  with  the  Southern  Railway  and 
other  railways,  lie  was  particularly  benefited  by  Mr.  Chandler's  sug- 
ting  the  chapter  on  trade  relations  between  Latin 
America  and  the  United  States.  While  profiting  much  from  the  ideas 
and  advice  of  both,  he  is  responsible  for  any  errors  and  omissions  as 
may  appear. 

Chapel  Hill,  N.  C,  October  2,  1916. 


A  SYLLABUS  OF  LATIN-AMERICAN 
HISTORY 


INTRODUCTION 

I.  The  Political  Situation  in  Europe  at  Opening  of  the  16th  Century. 

1.  The  National  States:  England,  France,  Spain  and  Portugal. 

2.  The  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

3.  The  City  States  of  Italy. 

4.  Other  European  States. 

Readings:    Hayes,   A    Political   and   Social  History   of  Modern 
Europe,  Vol.  I,  3-25. 

II.  Scientific  and  intellectual   progress. 

1.  Medieval  travels;  the  crusades. 

2.  The  Renaissance. 

3.  Invention  of  the  compass  and  improvement  of  the  astrolabe. 

4.  Improvement  and  increase  of  maps. 

Readings:  Cheyney,   European   Back-Ground  of  American  His- 
tory, 41-59. 

III.  European  Commerce  at  the  Opening  of  the  16th  Century. 

1.  Trade  and  trade  routes  between  Europe  and  the  Far  East. 

2.  The  Mediterranean  and  the  Italian  cities. 

3.  Conquests  of  the  Ottoman  Turks;  closing  of  old  routes. 

4.  Decline  of  the  Italian  Cities. 

5.  Need  of  new  routes;   Battle  of  the   Nile,   1516. 

Readings:  Cheyney,  European  lUickiiround  of  American  History; 
3-40;  Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  98-99,  107-110;  Hayes,  27-49. 

IV.  The  Commercial  Revolution. 

1.   The  geographic  position  of  Spain  and  Portugal. 

7 


I  In-  Circumnavigation  of  Africa:   Prince  Henry  the  Navi- 
I  i;  :    .    \  tda   t'-aina. 

;  sought  by  Spain. 
I    The  Commercial  revolution;  effects. 

5.   Creation  of  trade  companies;  new  methods  of  commerce. 
insion  and  colonization;  motives. 

Readings:  Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  104-132;  Cheyney,  123-146; 

II., 

\       Spain  and  Portugal     at  the  Opening  of  the  16th  Century. 

V     I'.ackground  of   Spanish  history. 
Spanish  society  : 

1.  Geographic   influences  in   Spanish   History. 

2.  Individualism   of  the  people. 

3.  Influence  of  the  various  invasions  of   Spain. 

4.  Contact  and  conflict  with  the  Moors. 

5.  Militarist  spirit. 

o.    Evolution  of  types. 

7.  Governmental  system. 

8.  The  church  and  morals  ;  the  Inquisition  ;  modifica- 

tions in  religion  and  morality. 

9.  Industries  and  economic  situation  of  classes. 

10.  Expulsion  of  the  Moors  and  Jews. 

11.  Motives  of  colonization. 

Readings:  Hume,  Spain.  1-64;  The  Spanish  People,  144- 
4i>4;  Cheyney,  European  Background  of  American 
History,  79-114;  Ellis,  The  Soul  of  Spain,  29-105. 

Additional  Readings:  Lea,  History  of  the  Inquisition  in 
Spain;  — — — ,  The  Moriscos  of  Spain;  ,  His- 
tory of  Sacerdotal  Celibacy,  80-85;  300-311;  Milman, 
History  of  the  Jews,  Vol.  III.  264-309;  Altamira.  His- 
toria  de  Iispana  y  de  la  Civilisation  espanola;  Col- 
meiro,  Dcrecho,  adniinistrativo   espaiiol. 

round  of  Portuguese  history. 
iguese  society  : 
1.    General  Characteristics. 


2.  Influence  of  climate  in  Portugal. 

3.  Position  as  European  power  in  the  16th  Century. 
Readings:  Cheyney,  60-74;  Stephens,  The  Story  of  Por- 
tugal. 

Additional  Readings :  Busk,  History  of  Spain  and  Portu- 
gal; Martins,  The  Golden  Age  of  Prince  Henry  the 
Navigator;  Jayne,  Vasco  da  Gama  and  His  Successors; 
Major,  Life  of  Prince  Henry  the  Navigator;  Hakluyt 
Society  Publications. 


<  haptcr  l.    The  Period  <>r  Discovery. 

\     |  Spanish  navigators, 

menl  of  I 

pucci,  Pinzon,   Pin- 
i,   Bastidas,  Grijalva,   Balboa,  Magellan  and  Elcano, 
and  Saavedra. 

dings:  Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  106-111;  Morris,  History 
130-243;  Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  67-174; 
Payne,  European  •  33-53; ,  History  of  Ameri- 

ca.   Vol.    I;    (  anish   Conquest   in   America;    Koebel, 

South  America;  Thacher,  Columbus;  (iiiillemard,  Magellan; 
entral  America,  Vol.   I;    Brittain,  Discovery  and 
Bxpl  -296. 

B.    Internal  exploration  and  settlement. 

1.    Achievements  of:  Cortes;  Pizarro;  Cabeza  de  Vaca;  and 

other   Spanish  Explorers. 
J     Expl  if  Portuguese  in  Brazil. 

3.  Settlement  of  the  West  Indies. 

4.  Settlement  i  and  Central  America. 

5.  Settlement   of    Spanish   South  America. 

Readings:  To  those  of  Section  A.  add  Prescott,  Conquest  of 
Mexico;  Bancroft,  History  of  Mexico;  Bandelier,  Contribu- 
tions to  the  History  of  the  Southwestern  Portions  of  the 
United  States;  de  Lannoy  and  Vander  Linden,  Histoire 
de  L,' Expansion  Coloniale  des  Peuples  Buropeens  (Portugal 
:  Bolton,  Spanish  Exploration  in  the  Southwest. 

C    Rel  ;"  Spain  and   Portugal  in   16th  Century. 

1.  Rivalry  fur  trade  suprem; 

2.  Appeal  to  the  Pope. 

Line  of   Demarcation,   1493. 
The  Treaty  ^i  Tordesillas,  1494. 

4.  Boundary  commissions  and  disputes. 

5.  Treatj  of  Saragossa,  1529. 

6.  Mid-century  relations. 

7.  Union  of  Portugal  and  Spain.  1580. 


10 


Readings:     Shepherd,    Latin    America,    9-19;    Bourne,    31-33; 

131-132;    ,    Essays    in    Historical    Criticism,    193-217; 

Keller,   Colonization. 

Additional  Readings  :  Altamira,  Historia  dc  Espana. 

Chapter  II.     The  Spanish  Colonial  System. 

A.    Imperial  Control. 

1.  Early  methods  of  colonization. 

Spanish    inexperience;    government   aid   and   activities; 
private  enterprise;  quick  evolution  of  a  system. 

2.  The  capitulation;  that  of  Columbus  compared  with  later 

ones. 

3.  The  Casa  dc  Contratacion. 

4.  The  Council  of  the  Indies. 

Organization;  powers;  duties;  methods  of  administra- 
tion ;  accomplishments. 

5.  Control   of   emigration. 

6.  Interference  in  colonial  affairs. 

7.  Means    of    control;    special    commissions;    the   visitador; 

the  residencia;  recall. 
•   8.    Difficulties  of  administration: 

1.  Distance    between    colonies    and    home   government. 

2.  Defective  means  of  communication. 

9.    Exclusion  of  foreign  influences   from  Colonies. 

10.  Decline    of    the    system ;    changes    effected    in    the    18th 

Century;   red  tape  and  routine. 

11.  Comparison  of  the  Spanish  System  of  Colonization  with 

the  systems' of  other  colonizing  countries. 

Readings:  Shepherd.  19-26;  Bourne,  220-242;  Morris.  244-2'?' >; 
Roscher.  The  Spanish  Colonial  System:  Moses,  Establish- 
ment of  Spanish  Rule  in  America;  Cambridge  Modern  His- 
tory, Vol.  X,  244  et  seq. 

Additional  Readings:  Zimmermann,  Die  Kolonialpolitik  Portu- 
gal und  Sp aniens;  Leroy-Beaulieu,  /V  la  Colonisation  chez 
les  Peuples  Modernes,  1-40;  Puente  y  Olea,  Los  Trabajos 
Geographicos  de  la  Casa  dc  Contratacion;  Colmeiro,  Historia 
dc  la  Bconotnia  Politico  en  Espana,  Vol.  II. 


11 


m   in  the  Colonies. 

1.  No  distincl    separation   of  powers;   the  executive,  legis- 

lative, judicial,  and  ecclesiastical  powers  of  government. 

2.  (Mine  of  Viceroy  in  Spanish  America. 

1.    History  of  the  office. 

J      Appointment;  powers  in  the  various  departments  of 

tiie  government;  dignity  of  office;  perquisites  and 

rewards. 

3.  Offices  of  Adelantado;  gobernador;  captain-general;   In- 

tendants;  minor  officials. 

4.  The  Audiencia;  presidencia. 

5.  I.  ical  government:  the  alcalde;  the  cabildo ;  ayuntamiento. 

6.  Courts  of  law;  position  of  lawyers. 

7.  Conduct  of  government. 

8.  Operation    of    the    system ;    discretionary    powers    as    to 

enforcement  or  non-inforcement  of  laws;  opportunities 
ical  officials  to  evade  imperial  restrictions. 

9.  Relations  of  officials  with  the  home  government. 

Readings:  Shepherd,  25-29;  Moses,  Establishment  of  Spanish 

Rule;  ,  Spanish  Depcudoicies  of  South  America,  263- 

275;  Morris,  244-259;  Smith,  The  Viceroy  of  New  Spain,  100- 
248;  Bourne,  202-242;  Southwestern  Historical  Quarterly, 
Vol.  XIX;  Hill,  Office  of  Adelantado,  (Political  Science 
Quarterly,  Vol.  XXYIII)  ;  Roscher,  The  Spanish  Colonial 
System;   Humboldt,  Political  Essay  on  New  Spain. 

litional  Readings:  Bancroft,  Central  America,  Vol.  I,  Chap- 
ter V;  Cambridge  Modern  History,  Vol.  X,  244  et  seq; 
Desdevises  du  Dezert,  I.'Espagne  de  L'Ancicn  Regime  (Les 
Institutions  i    122-163. 

C.    The  Church.  Real  Patronato. 

1.    Royal  control  of  the  Church  in  oversea  dominions. 
The  clergy  in  the  colonies. 

3.  The    priest   as   a   colonizer. 

4.  The  mission   system  ;   the  Church  and  the  Indian. 
Jesuits  and  other  clerical  orders. 

o     The  Inquisition  in  Latin  America. 

7.    Relations  of  Church  and  State. 

The   Church    in    Spanish    and    Portuguese   colonies   corn- 
par 


12 


9.    Some  notable  priests  and  monks. 
10.    Expulsion  of  Jesuits. 

Readings:  Shepherd,  49-59;  Bourne,  302-319;  Moses,  Estab- 
lishment of  Spanish  Rule,  Chap.  IV;  ,  Soiith  America 

on  the  Eve  of  Emancipation,  119-142;  ,  Spanish  De- 
pendencies in  South  America,  Vol.  I,  338-349;  364-380;  Vol. 
II,   143-153;  206-232;  Smith,  229-248. 

Additional  Readings:  Lea,  The  Inquisition  in  the  Spanish  De- 
pendencies; Graham,  A  Vanished  Arcadia;  Kocbel,  In  Jesuit 
Land;  Lowcrey,  Spanish  Settlements  in  the  United  Stales, 
Vol.  I,  339-366;  Cambridge  Modern  History,  Vol.  X,  253, 
et  sec]. 

D.    The   Indians  and  the  Labor  System. 

1.  The  aborigines:  tribes;  number. 

2.  Indian  civilization. 

a.  The  Aztecs  of  Mexico. 

b.  The  Incas  of   Peru. 

3.  Treatment  of  Indians  by  the  Spanish;  comparison  of  this 

treatment  with  that  by  other  nations. 

4.  Laws  of  Spain  relative  to  Indians. 

a.  Early  regulations;   instructions  to  Columbus. 

b.  Tlie  "New   Laws."   1542. 

c.  Labor  laws  and  customs  : 

1.  Encomicnda. 

2.  Repartimiento. 

3.  Mita. 

4.  Office   of  Corrcgidor. 

(1.    Indian   slavery ;   effect   of  labor  system   on   Indians, 
e.    Law  and   practice. 

5.  Reputation  of  Spaniards  for  cruelty. 

6.  Taxation  of  Indians. 

7.  Work  of  Las  Casas  and  Anchicta. 

8.  Indian  resistance  against  Spanish  system  ;   Tupac  Amaru. 

9.  Importation  of  negro  slave-. 

a.    The   Spanish   theory. 

1).    The  asiento. 

c.    Laws   governing   negro   slave    tabor. 

Readings:   Shepherd,  29-32;   Morris,  239-241;  245-251;   Moses, 

South  America  on  the  Ere  of  Emancipation,  167-217; , 

Spanish  Dependencies,  Vol.  I.  204-229;  Church,  The  Abor- 
igines of  South  America. 

13 


il    Readings:    MacNutt,   Bartholomew  de   las  Casas; 

Mexico;  ,   Conquest  of  Peru; 

>     of  America,  Book  VIII;  Helps,  Spanish 
i   in   America;    Saco,   Revista   de   Cuba;    Markham, 
The  Itu  as  of  Peru. 

|  lontal  Society. 

mies : 
i ;   Catalan  ;  Andalusian. 

-  and  race-  distinctions : 

:    Crefli  ;    Mestizo;   .Mulatto;  Zambo. 

3.  Classes  and  the  government;  the  Divide  et  impera  policy. 

4.  !  if  class  distinction. 

5.  Spanish    recognition    of    Creoles    and    natives;    numbers 

bled. 
Coloi  iety;  diversions;  pursuits;  occupations. 

lings:  Shepherd,  29-38;  Morris,  252-254;  Garcia  Calderon, 

Latin  America:  Its  Rise  and  Progress,  44-58;  Bourne,  253- 

268;    Moses,    Establishment   of  SpanisJi   Rule,   Chapter   II; 

— ,  South  America  on  the  Eve  of  Emancipation,  100-118. 

Additional   Readings:   Humboldt,  Personal  Narrative  of  Tra- 
vels; Frezier,  Voyage  a  la  Mer  de  Sud. 

riculture,   Manufacturing,   and   Mining. 

ngs:   Bourne,  282-301;  Payne,  History  of  America,  Vol. 
1.  254  pherd,  38-49;   Moses,  South  America  on  the 

Emancipation,  328-340. 

G.    Trade  System  and  Means  of  Transportation. 

1.  The  Spanish  Trade  regulations;  mercantilism;  the  staple 

2,  Trade  routes:  oceanic;  inland. 

4.    Depots  and   staple  cities;    fairs. 

:  taxes  levied. 
I 

The  Guipuzcoa  company. 
icles  to  success  of  svstem: 

-     '  -■  pirates,  ana  public  enemies. 

stem. 
''    :  gulations. 

14 


10.  Means  of  transportation  in  colonial  Latin  America. 

11.  Tin-  War  of  Spanish   Succession;  Treaty  of  Utrecht. 

12.  The  Anglo-Spanish  relations  at  Porto  Bello. 

Readings:  Shepherd,  43-47;  Bourne,  282-301;  Morris,  260-277; 
Moses,  Spanish  Dependencies,  Vol.  11,  244-365;  Cambridge 
Modern  History,  Vol.  X.  254  -~7  :  i  hiring.  The  Buccaneers  in 
the  West  Indies  in  the  Seventeenth  Century. 

Additional  Readings:  Blackmar,  Spanish  Institutions  in  the 
Southwest;  Stevens,  Spanish  Rule  of  Trade  in  the 
West  Indies;  Esquemeling,  History  of  the  Buccaneers; 
Rubalcava,   Tratado  Historico   Politii  <al  del  Comer- 

cio;  Walton,  Spanish  Colonics,  Vol.  II,   153-181. 

H.    The  Colonial  Taxation  System. 

1.  The  sources  of  revenue. 

2.  Taxes:   Alcabala;  armada  and  armadillo;   media  anata; 

royal   ninths;    Indian    tribute;   taxes  on:   salt;   mineral 
products ;  tobacco. 

3.  Sale  of  offices. 

Readings:  M  ises,  South  America  on  the  Eve  of  Emancipation, 
328-339. 

I.    Education  and  Thought. 

1.  The   universities. 

2.  The  clergy  and  education. 

3.  Literary  productions ;  the  press. 

Readings:  Shepherd,  59-68;  Moms,  South  America  on  the  Eve 
of  Emancipation,  143-166. 

Additional  Readings:  Humboldt,  Personal  Narrative  of 
Travels. 

J.    Political   History. 

1.  The  Viceroyalties : 

1.  New  Spain,  1534. 

2.  Peru.    1542. 

3.  New  Granada,  1739. 

4.  La  Plata,  1776. 

2.  Diplomatic     relations    of     Spain     and     Portugal     in     17th 

Century. 

Readings:   Watson,  Spanish  and  Portuguese  South  America; 

Moses,    The  Spanish   Dependencies  i>i   South   America. 

15 


Chapter  III.    Settlement  of  Brazil  and  Portuguese  Institutions. 

1.  The    voyage    of    Cabral;    Portuguese    claims;    Correia, 

|ho,  de  Souza. 

2.  Earlj   settlements;  attitude  of  Portuguese  toward  Brazil. 
3     Portugw   e  system  of  colonization  in  Brazil. 

.i.    The  captaincies. 

b.  Theory  and  prai 

c.  Comparison   with   Portuguese  colonial  system  in  the 

East  Indies. 

d.  The  Church  in  Colonial  Brazil. 

4.  Treatment  of  the  natives;   intermarriage;  regulations  as 

to  lahor  system. 

5.  Importation  of  negro  slaves;  slave  codes. 

6.  Beginning  of    Westward    Movement   in    Brazil. 

a.  Settlement  of  Sao  Paulo. 

b.  Government  of  the  frontier;  the  Paulistas;  Mame- 

lucos. 
7     Societ)   and  thought  in  Brazil. 

8.  Conflict  with  the  French  and  Dutch. 

9.  Relations  with  Portugal. 

Denis,  Brazil,  27-78;  Morris,  214-220. 

litional  Readings:  de  Lannoy  and  Vander  Linden,  11-26, 
172-181,  225-238;  Merivale,  Lectures,  47  et  seq.,  Pinheiro, 
Historic  do  Brazil;  Southey,  History  of  Brazil. 

Chapter  IV,     Geography  and  Resources  of  Latin  America. 
1.    Geographic  situation. of  South  America. 
2      \  r .  .i   of   States   in   comparison   with   that  of   the  United 
-   and   Europe. 

3.  Clima 

a.    Seasons  and  temperature. 
1).    Rainfall. 

4.  Mountain  ranges;  rivers;  water  power. 

5.  Harbors. 

6.  ommercial  value  of  forest  products. 

7.  Mineral  dep 

•imal     life;     introduction    of    animals    and    plants    by 
ish. 

-ibilities.      Products    in    general:    fruits; 
rubber ;  coffee  ;  cacao  ;  verba  ;  sugar ;  grasses  ;  tobacco. 

16 


Readings:  Shepherd.  107-121;  Koebel,  The  South  Americans, 
184-304;  Bryce,  South  America,  37-483;  books  on  individual 
countries  listed  in  Chapter  VIII. 

Additional  Readings:  Keane,  Stanford's  Compendium  of  Geog- 
raphy and  Travel — Central  and  South  America. 

Chapter  V.     The  Struggle  for  Independence,  1806-1826. 

1.  Sources   and   elements   of   discontent   in    Latin    America; 

political  and  economic. 

2.  Influence   of    the    American    War   of    Independence;    the 

French  Revolution  ;  and  of  English  political  philosophy. 

3.  Diffusion   of   new   ideas;   decline   in   effectiveness  of   the 

Spanish     policy    of     exclusion;     representative     Latin- 
Americans  in  Europe  and  United  States. 

4.  Invasion  of  Spain  by  Xapoleon ;  overthrow  of  the  legit- 

imate   government ;    establishment    of    the    Napoleonic 
government  and  of  a  Spanish  junta. 

5.  Disturbance  in  the  colonies;  attitude  of  the  cities. 

6.  The   interregnum;   development  of  local  juntas. 

7.  Gradual    growth   of   desire   and    formation    of   plans    for 

independence;  character  of  the  movement. 

8.  The  revolt  in  the  north:   Miranda;   Bolivar;   Santander  ; 

Paez ;  Sucre;  battles  of  Boyaca  and  Carabobo. 

9.  Attitude  of  foreign  countries;  aid  of  England. 

a.  Englishmen  in  the  wars. 

b.  Citizens  of  the  United  States  in  the  wars. 

10.  Revolt  in  the  south:  San  Martin;  Belgrano ;  O'Hig^ins ; 

Lord  Cochrane;  battles  of  Maipo  and  Ayacucho. 

11.  Meeting  of  San   Martin  and   Bolivar  at  Guayaquil. 

12.  Early  evidences   of   national   aspirations   on   the   part    of 

various  communities. 

13.  Prosperity;     free    trade;    interest    of    England    and    the 

United  States. 

14.  Unity  versus  sectionalism. 

15.  The  Confederation  of  New  Granada;  Bolivar  as  an  exec- 

utive and  political  theorist. 

16.  Political    theories   and   conflicting   ambitions    of    the   gen- 

erals. 

17.  Establishment  of  states. 

18.  Revolutionary  society  in  South  America. 


17 


ntral    America :   Hidalgo  and    [turbide. 
1 1  mingue:  Toussaint   L'Ouverture. 

Readings:    Shepherd,   69-81;    Garcia   Cakleron,   58-86;    Bryce, 
Modern     History,    Vol.    X,    280-309; 
Robertson,   Francisco  de   Miranda  and   the   Revolutionizing 
Spanish  America  (Amer.  Hist.  Assn.  reports,  1907). 

Additional    Readin  P       on,    The    Independence    of   South 

American  Republics;   Moses,  South  America  on  the  Eve  of 

Emancipation;  Mitre.  The  Emancipation  of  South  America; 

Mancini,  Bolivar;  Chandler,  Inter-American 

.  Icquaintances. 

Chapter   VI.      Early    Relations  of   Latin  America   with   the   United 
States;  the  Monroe  Doctrine. 

mary  ideas  and  political  opinions  in 
Latin    America. 

2.  Pari   of   Latin   Americans   in  the   American   war  of   inde- 

pendence. 

3.  the    United    Slates   in   the   Latin-American   wars 
of  independei 

4.  Early  ideas  as  to  American  concert. 

5.  Jeff<  •  John  Adams  on  South  America. 

6.  Early  statements  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine. 

7.  Evolution  of   Monroe  Doctrine  during  the  Revolutionary 

War. 

8.  Attitude  of  European  States  toward  Latin  America  after 

the  Congress  of  Vienna. 

a.  Effects  of  revolutionary  wars  upon  European  poli- 

tics and  diplomacy. 

b.  The  policy  of  intervention. 

c.  The  fL.ly  Alliance  and  the  Concert  of  Europe. 

d.  Applications  of  policy  of  intervention. 
i .    The  Congress  of  Verona. 

f.    Tl  n    of   England. 

The  Canning-Rush-Adams  correspondence. 

Id.    The  Monroe  message. 

H-  n  of  Monroe  Doctrine  in  South  America  and  in 

Eur 

1_\    The  Monr  1823  1828. 

history  of  the  Mom;  e  Doctrine;  Bing- 
nam.  me,  an  Obsolete  Shibboleth;  Garcia 

L8 


Calderon,  58-85;  Bryce,  422-451;  Mm,, re.  Digest  of  Interna- 
tional Law  (Sections  on  Monroe  Doctrine);  The  New  In- 
ternational Encyclopaedia;  Annals  of  the  American  Academy 
of  Political  Science,  July.  1914;  Robertson,  Reception  of  the 
Monroe  Doctrine    (Political   Science  Quarterly,   1915). 

Additional  Readings:  Oilman,  James  Monroe;  Bigelow.  Ameri- 
can Policy;  Coolidge,  United  States  as  a  World  Power; 
Hart,  The  Monroe  Doctrine. 

Chapter  VII.     Political  Theories  and  Early  Republican  Institutions. 

1.  Early  political   parties  or  groups  and  their  theories: 

Unitary;   federalist;  conservative;  and  radical. 

2.  Political  factions  : 

Military;  clerical;   civilian;  and  lay. 

3.  Party  method - 

4.  Ballot  and  elections;  restrictions  of  the  suffrage. 

5.  Popular  apathy  in  political  affairs;  personal  politics. 

6.  Character   of   government-: 

Federal  and  unitary. 

7.  Early  con  m  of  pi  iwers. 

8.  The  office  of  executive. 

a.    Constitutional    powers    in    various   countries. 
1).    Prestige  and  dignity  of  o 

c.    Early  types  of  executives  :  tyrants  ;  dictators  ;  liber- 
ators ;  restorers;  caudillos. 

9.  Character    and    powers    of    •  -    versus 

president. 

10.  Influence    of    English    and    French    cabinet    systems    of 

government 

11.  The  judiciary   in    Latin   America: 

a.  Constitutional  powers  and  position  in  administration. 

b.  Judicial  review  of  legislation. 

12.  Early  conventions  and   platforms. 

13.  Municipal  governmenl  : 

a.  General    characteristics. 

b.  Police  systems. 

c.  Public  service. 

d.  Prisons. 

Readings:  Shepherd,  Sl-96;  Garcia  Calderon,  100-350. 

Crichlicld,  American  Supremacy ;  books  on  individual  coun- 
tries. 

19 


Chaptei  Mil.     Political   Htotory,   L826-1915;  Political  Heritage  of 
Colonial  Times. 

1.   Tlic  three 

1.    1826  i  of  Dictai' 

1876,   Struggle    for   Stability. 

i     1X76 ,     Rise    of     Great     States    and    Economic 

Progi 

J    Typ  ors: 

*  1.   Garcia  Moreno,— Ecuador. 

1.  Ramon  Castilla,—  Peru. 

3.  Rosas,— Argentina. 

4.  Guzman  Blanco,-  -Venezuela. 

5.  Santa  Anna  and  Diaz, — Mexico. 

3.    Progressive  States  of  South  America: 
1     Argentina: 

1.  Rosas  and  Urquiza. 

2.  Political  progress  and  stability. 

3.  Economic  development  and  growth  of  popula- 

tion. 

4.  The  Southward  movement  in  Argentina. 

5.  Contemporary  government  and  politics. 

Readings:   Koebel,  Argentina,  Past  and  Present;  ,  The 

South  Americans;  Hirst,  Argentina;  Hammerton,  The  Real 
Argentine;  Buenos  Aires  census  reports. 

2.  Brazil: 

1.  Brazil  and  Portugal,  1807-1822. 

2.  The  empire :  Pedro  I  and  Pedro  II. 

3.  Economic  development. 

4.  Emancipation  of  slaves. 

5.  The    Republic :    Early    disorders ;    progress    to- 

ward stability. 

6.  The  Westward  movement  in  Brazil. 

7.  Contemporary  government  and  politics. 

;>      -     Uracil:    Cambridge    Modern    History,    Vol. 
X.  310-339;  Vol.  XII.  o74-676;  Pinheiro.  Historia  doBrazil; 

•rty  Years  in  Brasil;  Buley,  North  Brazil; , 

■  'h  Brazil. 

Chile: 

1.  Work   of    Portales  and   the  pelucones. 

2.  The  conservative   regime;   ten  year   presidents. 

3.  War  with  Spain. 

4.  War  with  Peru  and  Bolivia. 

5.  The  problem  of  the  Araucanians. 

20 


6.  Balmaceda  and  the  congress. 

7.  Relations    with    the    United    States ;    with    Ar- 

gentina; the  "Christ  of  the  Andes." 

8.  Contemporary  government  and  politics. 

Readings:  Elliot,  Chile;  Garcia  Calderon,  164-179;  Markham, 
The  War  between  Peru  and  Chile;  Arana,  La  Guerre  du 
Pacifique ;  Egafia.  The  Taenia  and  Arica  Question. 

4.  Uruguay : 

1.  Relations    with    Argentina,    Brazil,    and    Para- 

guay. 

2.  Political  organization  and  progress. 

3.  Economic,   educational,   and   religious   develop- 

ments. 

4.  Contemporary    government    and    politics. 

Readings:  Koebel,  Uruguay;  Roxlo,  Uruguay  en  1904. 

4.    Less  Progressive  and  Backward  States  of  South  America. 

1.  Venezuela: 

1.  Revolutions     and     tyrants:     Guzman     Blanco; 

Castro. 

2.  Foreign  relations. 

3.  Contemporary  government  and  politics. 
j.    Vr\  iV  6.  «-  4  * 

Readings:  Dalton,  Venezuela;  Scruggs,  The  Colombian  and 
Venezuelan  Republics. 

2.  Colombia: 

1.  Political  record. 

2.  Foreign  relations. 

Readings:  Scruggs,  The  Colombian  and  Venezuelan  Republics; 
Levine,  Colombia;  Fder,  Colombia. 

3.  Ecuador. 
Readings :  Enock,  Ecuador. 

4.  Peru. 

1.  Political  record. 

2.  Foreign  relations. 

3.  Contemporary  government  and  politics. 

Readings:  Enock,  Peru;   Wright,  Peru. 

5.  Bolivia. 

Readings:  Wright,  Bolivia;  Walle,  Bolivia. 

6.    Paraguay : 

1.  Period  of  Francia. 

2.  The  Lopez  group. 

21 


.;.    War  with   Brazil,  Argentina,  and  Uruguay. 
4.    Contempor  ernment  and  politics. 

hburn,  History  of  Paraguay;  Hardy,  Paraguay; 

imy. 

5.  ! ' 

1.  Empire    and    early    republic:    Iturbide    and    Santa 

Anna. 

2.  Relations  with  Ti 

1        war  with  the  I 

4.  Struggle  with  the  Church:  Juarez. 

5.  Maximilian. 

(i.    The   Diaz  regime;  economic  development. 
7.    Contemporary  period : 

Madero;  Huerta;  Carranza;  and  Villa. 
S.    Relations  with  the  United  States. 
9.    C  on  and  politics. 

ock,  Mexico;   Noll,  Prom  Empire  to  Republic; — 

History  of  Mexico;   Fortier  and  Ficklen,   Central  America 

and  Mexico;  Bancroft,  History  of  Mexico;  Rives,  Relations 

Mexico  and  the  United  States;  Bancroft,  Porfirio  Diaz; 

ind  de   Lara,  Mexico;  Martin,  Maximilian;  , 

Mexico   of  the   XXth    Century;    Prida,   From  Despotism    to 
irchy;  Fornaro,  Carranza  and  Mexico. 

6.  The  Central  American   States : 

Firsl  Class:  Costa  Rica  and  Guatemala. 

••:   Honduras,   Salvador,  and  Nicaragua. 
1.    Race  distribution. 
_'.    Kfforts  at  union. 

3.  Political  and  economic  conditions. 

4.  Foreign  relations. 

Yillafranca,     Costa     Rica;     Winter,     Guatemala; 
lia,   Costa   Rica;    Squier,   States   of  Central  America; 
Fortier    and    Ficklen,    Central 
America  and  Mexico:  Martin.  Salvador. 

Insular    Republics. 

Fiske,    West    Indies:    Eves,    West    Indies;    Clark, 

ub       Callahan.   Cuba  and  International  Rela- 

John,   Haiti,   the   Mack   Republic;   Hazard,   Santo 

Past  and  present ;   Lindsay,   Cuba  and  her  People 

si  tendencies  in  Panama. 
22 


2.  The  revolution. 

3.  The  republic. 

4.  Relations  with  Colombia  and  the  United  States. 

Readings:  Bishop,  Panama,  Past  and  Present;  Gause  and  Carr, 
The  Story  of  Panama:  Bunau-Varilla,  Panama;  the  Cre- 
ation, Destruetion  and  Resurrection. 

Readings  in  general  for  political  history:  Dawson,  The  South 
American  Republics;  Akers,  History  of  South  America; 
Dodd,  Modern  Constitutions;  Rodriguez,  American  Consti- 
tutions; Koebel,  South  America;  Gracia  Calderon,  Latin- 
America;  Cambridge  Modern  History,  XII,  672-689;  Enock, 
The  Republics  of  Central  and  South  America;  Porter,  The 
Ten  Republics. 

Chapter  IX.     Relations;,  with  One  Another  and  with  Europe. 

1.  Boundary  disputes  and  Commissions. 

2.  Filibustering  expeditions  and  reprisals. 

3.  The  Status  of  Uruguay. 

4.  The  war  against  Paraguay. 

5.  'J  P(  n-  Bolivia    war. 

6.  International  standing  of  Latin  America. 

7.  The   problem   of   unity: 

Panama   Congress,    1826;    Lima   Congress,    1864;    other 
congress  and  their  purposes. 

8.  Central  American  affairs:  arbitration  agreement. 

9.  The  A.  B.  C.  Alliance. 

10.  Relations  witli   Kurope  : 

Diplomatic ;  economic ;  cultural. 

11.  European    interventions    in    Latin    American    affairs. 

Readings:  Shepherd,  96-106;  Koebel,  The  South  Americans. 
41-63;  Garcia  Calderon,  335-350;  Cambridge  Modern  His- 
tory. Vol.  XII.  689-702;  Vicuna  Mackenna;  Moore.  Uracil 
and  Peru  Boundary  Question. 

Chapter    X.      Later    Diplomatic    and    Political    Relations    with    the 
United  States. 

1.    Development  and  extension  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine: 

1.  The  Jackson-Van  Buren  attitude. 

2.  Polk's    revival,    interpretation,   and    restriction. 

3.  Momne  Doctrine  in  the  fifties: 

a.  Connection    with    slavery    issue. 

b.  Paraguay,  1857-59. 

23 


■1.    The   Maximilian  episode. 
—5.   The  United  States  and  the  Chilean  war  with  Spain. 
i,.   Grant  and  the  nationalization  of  the  doctrine. 

7.  The  Santos  claim  in  Ecuador;  Alsop  claim  in  Chile. 

8.  Cleveland  <  >lney  extension. 

9     \1  mi  oe  1  >octrine  and  imperialism, 
in.    Roosevelt-Tafl   period. 

1 1.  Wilsi  >n  Doctrin 

12.  Monroi    D     trine  and  the  claims  of  the  United  States 

against    Latin   American   countries: 
a.    Contractual,     Alsop,  Cerutti,  Landseau. 
1).   Tortuous, — Perkins    boat;    "Macedonian." 
lings:     Appropriate     sections     of     Edgington,     Bingham, 
Moore,  Bigelow;  American  State  Papers;  Minister  Dudley's 
report,  U.  S.  For.  Rel.,  1899;  Vicuna  Mackenna,  Historia  de 
la   Administration   Montt;   -      — ,  Historia   de   Chile;   New 
International   Encyclopaedia;  Barrett.  Latin-America  of  To- 
day and  its  Relation  to  the  United  States. 

2.  1. at  in-American  attitude  toward  the  United  States. 

1.    In  politics  and   diplomacy. 
_'.    In  Commerce. 

3.  Efforts  at  cooperation  and  friendship: 

V    The   Pan-American   Union. 

1.  Organization  and  purposes. 

2.  Control  and  accomplishments. 
B.    Work  of  Blaine,  Root,  McAdoo. 

4.  The  Drago  Doctrine  and  the  Porter  Doctrine. 

5.  Latin  America  at  the  second  Hague  Conference. 

6.  The    Piatt    Amendment: 

1.  Relations  with  Cuba. 

2.  Relations    with    Santo    Domingo;    Haiti;    Nicaragua. 

7.  The   Panama  Canal : 

1.  Treaties  and  plans  for  construction. 

2.  The    French    enterprise. 

3.  Relations  of   Colombia  and  the  United   States. 

4.  Secessions  and  independence  of  Panama. 

5.  Hay-Bunau-Varilla  treaty. 

0.  Construction    of    Canal. 

7.    Possible  economic  and  political  effects. 

[ministration. 

1.  Latin  American  policy. 
-'.    Relations  with   Mexico. 
3.     Achievements. 

24 


Readings:  Senate  Doc,  No.  744,  61st  Cong.,  3rd  Session; 
Annals  of  American  Academy  of  Pol.  Science,  July,  1914; 
Bryce,  484-520;  Garcia  Calderon,  298-312;  Latane,  America 
as  a  World  Power,  255-285;  ,  Diplomatic  Relations  of 

the  United  States  with  Spanish  America. 

Additional  Readings:  Flack,  Spanish  American  Diplomatic  Re- 
lations Preceding  the  War  of  1898;  Chandler,  Inter-American 
Acquaintances;  Moore,  American  Diplomacy;  Maurtua,  La 
Idea  Pan  Americana  y  las  cuestion  del  arbitraje;  Usher,  Pan- 
Amcricauism;  Cause  and  Carr,  The  Story  of  Panama; 
Bishop,  Panama,  Past  and  Present. 

Chapter   XI.     Trade   Relations   of   Latin   America   and   the    United 

States. 

1.  Origins  of  trade. 

2.  .Development  of  trade  during  the   19th  century: 

1.  Comparative  predominance  of  United  States  to  aboul 

1850. 

2.  Disruption  of  trade  during  War  of  Secession. 

3.  Increased     European     competition     after     Franco- 

Prussion  war. 

3.  History  of  trade  in  the  20th  century. 

4.  Volume  of  contemporary  trade,  export  and  import,   with 

U.  S. ;  with  Europe. 

5.  Character  of  the  trade: 

1.  Standard  articles  imported  and  exported. 

2.  Non-competitive  goods  and  raw  products. 

3.  Competitive  goods. 

6.  Purchasing  power  of   Latin   American   countries. 

7.  Misconceptions,    current    in    United    States,    as    to    Latiu- 

\nierican    lialiits    of   business. 

8.  Obstacles  in  the   way  of  trade: 

1.  Lack  of  merchant  marine. 

2.  Established    habits    and    traditions    of    trade. 

3.  Ignorance  of  market  and  the  accepted   methods   of 

trade  : 

a.  Market    demand-. 

b.  Transportation  problems. 

C.    Tariff   administrations. 

4.  Long    term    credits. 

5.  Lack  of  organization  to  secure  the  trade. 

9.  Methods  for  improvement. 

10.    Effects  of  the  European  war  of  1914;  construction  of  the 
Panama  Canal. 

25 


n  ,    American  business  interests  in  Latin  America. 

Verrill,  South  and  Central  Apierican  Trade  Condi- 
tio |  ......  168-179;  Aughinbaugh,  Selling  Latin  Ameri- 

bson,  The  Future  of  Smith  America;  Bonsai,  The 
American  Mediterranean;  Chandler,  Inter- American  Ac- 
quaintances;  Hough,  Practical  Exporting;  Shepherd,  168- 
17m :  ,  (  )ur  South  American  Trade  (Pol.  Science  Quart., 

Dec,  1909);  National  City  Hunk  Magazine;  Filsinger,  Ex- 
porting to  Latin  America;  Savay,  The  Science  of  Foreign 
trade;  Supplement,  London  Times;  U.  S.  consular  reports; 
reports  of  the  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor  (now 
Department  of  Commerce). 

Chapter  Ml.    Contemporary  History  Problems  and  Achievements  of 
Latin  America. 

1.    Political: 

1.  Political  and  governmental  stability. 

2.  Politics  in  practice  and  principle. 

3.  Modern  conventions,  platforms,  and  elections. 

4.  Restrictions  of  the  ballot. 

5.  Professional  men  in  politics. 

6.  Absence  of  political  experience  by  the  masses. 

7.  Xecessity   of    developing   public    interest    in    politics 

and  political  philosophy. 
S.    Appearance  of  new   political  issues. 
9.    Electorial   reform:   Argentina. 

10.  Civil  Service  in  Latin  America. 

11.  State   or   Church    control   over    education. 

12.  Municipal  Government: 

1.  History   of   progress. 

2.  Public    utilities ;    fire    departments ;    police    sys- 

tem :   water   works ;   public  sanitation ;   muni- 
'.1   ownership. 

13.  S  icial  legislation. 

14.  Passing  of  the  South  American  type  of  revolution. 

:   Garcia   Calderon,  222-2AA.  365-677;   Shepherd.    141- 
15ii;    Scruggs,    The    Colombian    and    Venezuelan    Republics; 
-  on  individual  countries. 

cial  and  Religious: 

A.    S   cial : 

1.    Population: 

1.  Census  statistics  available. 

2.  Population  and  resources.    . 

26 


2.  Social     types :     Spanish ;     immigrant ;     Indian, 

savage  and  civilized;  mixed  races;  negro. 

3.  Laboring      classes      and      types:      "vaquero;" 

"gaucho;"  "llanero;"  "estanciero.;"   industri- 
al laborers. 

4.  Labor  system  and  laws. 

1 .  Peonage : 

a.  Feudal  status  of  labor  in  colonies. 

b.  Origin    of    peonage;    inheritance   of 

debt. 

c.  The       "inquilino"       and       "colono;" 

"cholo." 
(1.    Ignorance,  wages,  and  living  condi- 
tions. 

e.  Peon  in  government  and  politics. 

f.  Peonage  in  Mexico ;  in  South  Amer- 

ica. 

2.  Labor  regulations  in  general. 

3.  Labor  organizations. 

4.  Dearth  of  labor  in  certain  countries. 

5.  Language. 

6.  The  military  missions. 

7.  Position  of  woman  : 

1.  In  society. 

2.  Family  life. 

3.  The  matter  of  divorce. 

8.  Amusements  and  social  customs: 

1.  Sports  and  games. 

2.  Carnivals    and    festivals. 

3.  Dress  and  etiquette. 

.    4.   Gambling   and   lotteries. 

5.  Social  customs  in  business. 

Readings:  Shepherd,  121-141  ;  Garcia  Calderon,  283-290;  Bryce, 
432,  528-530;  Romero,  Mexico  and  ///<•  United  Stairs;  Bing- 
ham, Through  South  America;  books  on  individual  count 
and   on   travel. 

B.    Religious: 

1.  Prevalence  of  Roman  Catholic  Church. 

2.  Church  and   state;  tendency  toward   separation. 

3.  Clericalism  in  politics. 

4.  The  work  of  the  Church. 

5.  Tiilcrati.in    in    Latin    America. 

6.  Protestani  missionarj  activities. 

7.  Foreign   opinion    of    Latin-American    morality. 

27 


Readings:  Shepherd,  139;  Koebel,  The  South  Americans,  41- 
152  169. 
tional     Readings:     Speer,     South     American     Problems; 
Brown,  Latin  .  tmerica. 

.?.    Immigration: 

1.  History   of   immigration   in   the   19th   century: 

a.  Causes   of    scarcity   before    1857;    colonial   ex- 

clusion; revolutions;  greater  inducements  of 
the  United  States;  economic  reasons. 

b.  Increase  since  1857. 

c.  Drift  toward  the  Southern  republics. 

(1.    Immigration  in  the  North  American  republics. 

2.  Political  and  economic  effects  of  immigration. 

3.  Effects  on  society. 

4.  Spanish,   Italian,  German,  Russian  and  Polish,  Eng- 

lish,   French,    Portuguese,    Oriental,   Turkish   and 
Assyrian  immigration. 

5.  Favorite  occupations  of  aliens. 

6.  The  question  of  assimilation  and  citizenship. 

Readings:   Shepherd,  81-84,   126-129,   169;   Koebel,   The  South 
Americans,  152-169;  Garcia  Calderon,  290-298,  323-335. 

Additional  Readings:  Mulhall.  The  English  in  South  America. 

4     Financial: 

1.  Monetary  systems  in  Latin  America. 

1.  Standards  and  values. 

2.  Paper  currency. 

3.  Fluctuations. 

2.  Capital  and  Banking: 

1.  Number  of  banks. 

2.  Domestic  and    foreign   control   of  banking. 

3.  Branch  banks  : 

a.  European. 

b.  United  States. 

4.  Scarcity  of  capital. 

3.  Latin-American  finance: 

1.    Credits,  exchange,  solvency. 
k  exchanges. 

3.  Bond  issues. 

4.  Public  del 
Sinking  funds. 
Insurance. 

7.    Trusts  and  corporations. 
-J     Foreign  influences  upon  financial  policies. 
28 


5.  Business   enterprizes: 

1.  Habits  of  business. 

2.  Buying  and   selling;  advertising. 

6.  Tariff  systems : 

1.  Tariff    for   revenue. 

2.  Rates:  specific  rather  than  ad  valorem. 

3.  Variations  and  complexity. 

7.  Taxation  : 

1.  On  personal  property. 

2.  On  lands  and  real  estate. 

3.  On    industries. 

4.  Licenses  and  concessions. 

8.  Internal  improvements  and  public  works. 

1.  History    of    internal    improvements    in     Latin 

America. 

2.  Public  works  :  postal  service  ;  parcel  post. 

9.  Movement  for  single,  Pan-American  monetary  stan- 

dard. 
10.    Movement  for  a   Pan-American,  standardized  tariff 
system. 

Readings:  Shepherd.  43,  48,  150-153,  173;  Verrill,  Aughinbaugh, 
and    Babson ;    The    South    American    War-Book;    Consular 
reports;  Reports  of  the  Board  of  Trade   (Eng.)  ;  books  on 
individual  countries. 
5.    Industrial : 

A.    The  most  important  industries : 

1.  M  ining  : 

1.  Areas  of  ore  fields. 

2.  Facilities. 

3.  Acquisition  of  mining  properties. 

4.  Labor  supply. 

5.  Gold,  silver,  diamonds,  copper,  tin,  nitrate. 

coal,  and  other  mines. 

2.  Stock-raising: 

1.  Areas  adapted. 

2.  Cattle,  horse,  sheep  ranches. 

3.  Stock-yards  and  >laui;liter-houses. 

4.  Wool  and  hides. 

3.  Rubber: 

1.  \reas  of  growth. 

2.  Processes  employed. 

3.  Labor     supply;     labor     scandals;     "black 

gold." 

29 


4.  Agriculture: 

1     Arable   lands   and   climatic  conditions. 

2.  Agriculture     in     connection     with     stock- 

raising. 

3.  ( Iwnership  of  land. 

4.  Tlic  agrarian  situation  in  Latin  America. 

5.  The    "haciendas,"    "fazendas;"    the    "cha- 

cras"  and  "potreros." 

6.  Agricultural      products:      Coffee,      cacao, 

yerba,  foodstuffs. 

5.  Manufacturing: 

1.  General  characteristics:  domestic  and  fac- 

tory methods. 

2.  Connection  with  other  industries. 

3.  Obstacles  in  the  way. 

4.  Products :    foodstuffs,  textiles,  machinery. 
I'..    European   and   American  capital   invested   in  indus- 
tries. 

C.    Occupations  of  foreigners  in  Latin  America. 

Readings:    Koebel,    The   South    Americans,   132-151,    193-204; 
books  on  individual  countries. 

6.    Commercial : 

1.    History  of   Latin-American  Commerce. 
_'.    Exports  and  imports  : 

1.  Character  and  value. 

2.  Destination. 

3.  Commercial   enterprises. 

4.  Customs  regulations. 

5.  Modern  transportation  and  communication. 

1.  Development   of    transportation    facilities. 

_'  Survival  of  colonial  methods  in  certain  areas. 

3.  Pack-trains,   stage   routes,   llama   trains. 

4.  Roads  and  highways, 

5.  Land  transportation: 

1.  Railroads:  Trunk  lines;   short  lines. 

J.  International  and  transcontinental  lines. 

3.  Projected  lines. 

4.  Horse  cars  and  trolleys ;  subways. 

5.  Mileage  and  rates. 

6.  Freight  ra 

7.  Capital  and  ownership. 
Water  transportation  : 

1.  River  steamers  and  barges. 

2.  Oceanic  lines. 

30 


3.  Harbor   facilities. 

4.  Rates. 

6.  Communication  : 

1.    Telegraph  lines. 

_'.    Cable  lines. 

3.    Postal  service ;  international  service. 

7.  The  metric  system  of  weights  and  measures. 

8.  Concessions  and  monopolies: 

1.  Procedure  in  obtaining  them. 

2.  Policies  of  various  countries  in  relation  thereto. 

3.  Attitude  of  the  United  States  toward  them. 

Readings:  Shepherd,  168-191;  Koebel,  The  South  Americans, 
304-358;  Verrill,  Aughinbaugh,  and  Babson;  Reports  of  Bu- 
reau of  Trade  Relations  of  the  State  Department;  Report 
of  the  Bureau  of  Manufactures  of  the  Commerce  Depart- 
ment. 

7.    Educational  and  Cultural : 
I.    Educational  : 

1.  General  characteristics. 

2.  Percentages   of  illiterates   in   various   countries. 

3.  Educational  progress. 

4.  Obstacles  to  popular  education. 

5.  Foreign  influences  in  education. 

a.  European  teachers  in  I.atin-Amcrica. 

b.  American   teachers    in    Argentina   in    1868. 

c.  Influence  of   United   States  at  present. 

6.  Administration  of  schools. 

7.  Elementary   ami    secondary   education. 

8.  Higher  education  in   Latin-America. 

a.  Universities: 

1.    Faculties,   courses,   and   equipment. 
1.    Libraries  and  publications. 
3.    Students. 

b.  Scientific  pursuits. 

1.    Observatories    and    other    establish- 
ments    for     study     of     geography, 
ethnology,  and  zoology. 
C.    Industrial    ami    technical    education. 

9.  Urban   and    rural   education. 

10.  Popular  interest  in  education. 

11.  Non-official  efforts  for  promotion  of  education: 

1.  C  and  teacher-"  associations. 

2.  Prival  Is  and  institutions. 
.^     Publications  ami  lee 

12.  Educational  reform-,  needed. 

31 


II.  Cultural   achievements   in   general: 

1.    Public  Charity: 

a.    Control  ami  sources  of  revenue. 

1,.    Societies    ami    institutions    for    social    ser- 
\  ice. 
J.     Public  Libraries. 

3.  Journalism : 

a.  Status  of  the  press   in  various  countries. 

b.  Notable  newspapers. 

c.  Recent  development. 

(1.    Magazines  and  periodicals. 

4.  Literature: 

1.  General    characteristics. 

2.  European     and     particularly     French     in- 

fluence. 

3.  Representative     literary     men     and     their 

works. 

5.  Arts: 

1.  General    characteristics. 

2.  Achievements  in  music;  the  drama;  archi- 

tecture;  painting;  and  sculpture. 

III.  Achievements   in   music;   the  drama;   architecture; 
painting;  and  sculpture. 

Readings:  For  education:  Shepherd,  192-204;  ,  Educa- 
tion in  South  America,  (Review  of  Reviews,  May,  1908); 
,  Higher  Education  in  South  America,  (Columbia  Uni- 
versity Quart.,  Dec,  1907)  ;  Koebel,  The  South  Americans, 
109-132;  Brandon,  Latin-American  Universities  and  Special 
Schools;  Blakslee,  Latin-America,  30-46;  Monroe,  An  Ency- 
clopedia of  Education  (See  discussion  under  the  names  of 
ich  country;  see  also,  Walle,  Bolivia,  Chap.  6;  Eder, 
Colombia,  Chap.  16:  Hirst,  Argentina,  Chap.  14;  and 
Wright's  1»»" »ks  on  Bolivia,  Chile,  and  Peru. 

cultural  problems:  Shepherd,  204-250;  Garcia  Calderon, 
Latin-America.  249-282;  Warner,  Library  of  the  World's 
Literature.  Vol.  15;  Blakslee,  Latin-America,  299-306; 
nth  Americans,  109-130;  Coester,  The  Literary 
!Iist<<ry  of  Spanish  America;  Starr.  Readings  from  Modern 
Mexican  Authors;  Lamborn,  Mexican  Paintings  and 
Painters. 


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